Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) exhibit exceptional luminescent properties, rendering them valuable assets in diverse fields such as bioimaging, sensing, and therapeutics. Despite this, the potential toxicological impacts of UCNPs necessitate comprehensive investigation to ensure their safe implementation. This review aims to provide a detailed

Titanium deposition is a widely utilized process to create high-performance coatings across various industries. Sputtering utilizes a high-powered magnetic field to eject titanium atoms from a target, which then deposit onto a substrate surface. The resulting layer exhibits remarkable properties such as excellent adhesion, increased strength, and i